NCERT Class 6 Social Science Chapter 6 Questions and Answers The Beginnings of Indian Civilisation

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Q1. What is a civilisation?

Ans: Civilisation refers to an advanced stage of human society characterized by several key features that enable complex social structures and cultural development. In the context of the Indian Subcontinent, particularly with reference to the Harappan or Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation, the following characteristics define a civilisation:

1. Government and Administration: A structured system to manage societal activities and governance.
2. Urbanism: The development of towns and cities, including town planning, water management, and drainage systems.
3. Craftsmanship: A variety of crafts that involve the management of raw materials and the production of finished goods, such as tools and ornaments.
4. Trade: Both internal trade within regions and external trade with distant areas to exchange goods.
5. Writing System: A means of communication and record-keeping essential for administration and cultural expression.
6. Cultural Expression: Ideas about life and the world conveyed through art, architecture, literature, and social customs.
7. Agriculture: A productive agricultural system capable of supporting both rural and urban populations.

These characteristics collectively illustrate the complexity and sophistication of a civilisation, highlighting its ability to sustain and enrich human life through organized social structures and cultural achievements.

Q2. What was the earliest civilisation of the Indian Subcontinent?

Ans: The earliest civilisation of the Indian Subcontinent is known as the Harappan, Indus, or Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation. This remarkable civilisation emerged around 2600 BCE and flourished in the northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent, primarily along the fertile plains of the Indus River and its tributaries.

Key Features of the Harappan Civilisation:

1. Urban Development: The Harappans established well-planned cities, including notable sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Dholavira, characterized by advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and fortifications.
2. Agricultural Practices: The civilisation thrived on agriculture, growing a variety of crops such as wheat, barley, and cotton, which supported both urban and rural populations.
3. Craftsmanship and Trade: The Harappans were skilled in various crafts, including metallurgy and bead-making, and engaged in extensive trade both within the region and with distant civilisations.
4. Water Management: They developed sophisticated water management systems, including reservoirs and drainage networks, to ensure a reliable water supply for their cities.
5. Cultural Achievements: The Harappan culture is reflected in their art, architecture, and possibly a form of writing, although much of it remains undeciphered.

This civilisation is significant not only for its achievements but also for its influence on subsequent cultures in the Indian Subcontinent.

Q3. What were its major achievements?

Ans: Major Achievements of the Harappan Civilisation

The Harappan, or Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation, is recognized for several remarkable achievements that highlight its advanced societal structure and cultural sophistication. Here are some of the major accomplishments:

1. Urban Planning:
   • The Harappans established well-planned cities such as Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Dholavira. These cities featured organized layouts with wide streets, fortified walls, and distinct residential and administrative areas.
2. Advanced Water Management:
   • The civilisation developed sophisticated water management systems, including extensive drainage networks and large reservoirs. For instance, Dholavira had multiple reservoirs designed for efficient water storage and distribution, showcasing their engineering skills.
3. Agricultural Innovation:
   • The Harappans practiced advanced agriculture, cultivating a variety of crops such as wheat, barley, pulses, and cotton. They were among the first in the region to grow cotton, which they wove into textiles.
4. Craftsmanship and Trade:
   • The Harappans were skilled artisans, producing intricate crafts, including pottery, jewelry, and tools made from metals like copper and bronze. They engaged in extensive trade, both internally and with distant regions, exporting goods such as beads, textiles, and agricultural products.
5. Cultural Developments:
   • The civilisation exhibited rich cultural expressions through art, architecture, and possibly a form of writing, as evidenced by the seals and figurines discovered at various sites. These artifacts reflect their social customs, religious beliefs, and daily life.
6. Social Structure:
   • The Harappan society demonstrated a level of social organization that minimized the stark differences between the rich and the poor, suggesting a community based on mutual accommodation rather than exploitation.
7. Technological Advancements:
   • They made significant advancements in metallurgy and construction techniques, using standardized fired bricks for building, which contributed to the durability of their structures.

These achievements collectively illustrate the Harappan Civilisation’s complexity and its significant contributions to the development of urban culture in the Indian Subcontinent.

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Q1. Why does the civilisation studied in this chapter have several names? Discuss their significance.

Ans: The civilisation studied in this chapter is referred to by several names, including the Harappan, Indus, and Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation. Each name carries significance and reflects different aspects of this ancient society.

1. Harappan Civilisation:
   • This name is derived from the city of Harappa, which was one of the first sites to be excavated in the 1920s. The discoveries made at Harappa provided crucial insights into the urban planning, architecture, and daily life of the people during this period. As a result, the term “Harappan” is often used to represent the entire civilisation.
2. Indus Civilisation:
   • The name Indus Civilisation emphasizes the geographical location of the civilisation, which thrived along the banks of the Indus River and its tributaries. This river was vital for agriculture and trade, making it central to the development of the society. The term highlights the importance of the river system in supporting urban life and agricultural practices.
3. Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation:
   • The inclusion of Sarasvatī in the name acknowledges the significance of the Sarasvatī River, which played a crucial role in the lives of the Harappans. Although the river is now seasonal and known as the Ghaggar-Hakra, it was once a major water source that contributed to the fertility of the region and supported agricultural activities. This name reflects the broader geographical extent of the civilisation, which included areas around both the Indus and Sarasvatī rivers.

Significance of Multiple Names

• Cultural and Historical Context: The various names highlight the complexity and diversity of the civilisation, indicating that it encompassed multiple regions and cultures. Each name provides a different lens through which to understand the society’s achievements and challenges.
• Archaeological Discoveries: The different names also correspond to the archaeological sites that have been studied. As excavations have expanded, new insights have emerged, leading to a more nuanced understanding of the civilisation.
• Recognition of Contributions: By using multiple names, we acknowledge the contributions of different regions and rivers to the overall development of the Harappan society. This recognition is essential for understanding the interconnectedness of ancient Indian civilisations.

In summary, the use of several names for this ancient civilisation reflects its geographical, cultural, and historical significance, as well as the ongoing discoveries that continue to shape our understanding of its legacy.

Q2. Write a brief report (150 to 200 words) summing up some of the achievements of the Indus-Sarasvatī civilisation.

Ans:

Achievements of the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation

The Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, is renowned for its remarkable achievements that laid the foundation for urban culture in the Indian Subcontinent. One of its most significant accomplishments was urban planning; cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were meticulously designed with well-organized streets, advanced drainage systems, and fortified structures, reflecting sophisticated engineering skills.

Agriculture flourished due to the fertile plains along the Indus and Sarasvatī rivers, where the Harappans cultivated a variety of crops, including wheat, barley, and cotton. They were pioneers in cotton cultivation, which they wove into textiles. The civilisation also excelled in craftsmanship, producing intricate pottery, jewelry, and tools made from metals like copper and bronze.

Trade was another hallmark of the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation, with extensive networks established both within the region and with distant cultures. They exported goods such as beads and textiles, indicating a vibrant economy. Additionally, the Harappans demonstrated a high level of civic sense, as evidenced by their efficient water management systems and public sanitation practices. Collectively, these achievements underscore the sophistication and influence of the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation in ancient history.

Q3. Imagine you have to travel from the city of Harappa to Kalibangan. What are your different options? Can you make a rough estimation of the amount of time each option might take?

Ans: Travel Options from Harappa to Kalibangan: Traveling from Harappa to Kalibangan, two prominent cities of the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation, can be approached through various means. Below are some possible options along with rough estimations of the time each might take:

1. On Foot:
   • Description: Walking is a common mode of travel in ancient times, especially for short distances.
   • Estimated Time: Approximately 5-7 days, depending on the pace of travel and the terrain. Assuming an average walking speed of about 4-5 kilometers per hour and a daily travel distance of around 20-25 kilometers.
2. By Cart or Chariot:
   • Description: Using a cart or chariot pulled by oxen or horses would be more efficient than walking.
   • Estimated Time: Approximately 3-4 days. This mode of transport could cover around 30-40 kilometers per day, depending on the condition of the roads and the animals’ endurance.
3. River Transport:
   • Description: If the route includes rivers, traveling by boat could be an option, especially for transporting goods.
   • Estimated Time: Approximately 2-3 days, depending on the flow of the river and the distance covered. This method would be quicker if the river is navigable and the boats are well-equipped.
4. Combination of Walking and Cart:
   • Description: A mixed approach where travelers walk part of the distance and use carts for transporting goods or resting.
   • Estimated Time: Approximately 4-5 days, allowing for rest periods and varying speeds.

Conclusion

The choice of travel method would depend on various factors, including the purpose of the journey, the availability of resources, and the terrain. Each option presents its own advantages and challenges, reflecting the diverse ways people in the Indus-Sarasvatī Civilisation might have traversed their landscape.

Q4. Let us imagine a Harappan man or woman being transported to an average kitchen in today’s India. What are the four or five biggest surprises awaiting them?

Ans: Surprises for a Harappan Individual in a Modern Indian Kitchen

If a Harappan man or woman were to be transported to an average kitchen in today’s India, they would likely encounter several surprising elements that reflect the advancements in technology, culture, and lifestyle since their time. Here are four or five significant surprises they might experience:

1. Modern Cooking Appliances:
   • Surprise: The presence of electric appliances such as refrigerators, microwaves, and gas stoves would be astonishing. In Harappan times, cooking was done over open flames or in clay ovens, so the convenience and speed of modern cooking methods would be a remarkable change.
2. Variety of Ingredients:
   • Surprise: The vast array of ingredients available today, including spices, packaged foods, and exotic fruits and vegetables from around the world, would be overwhelming. The Harappans primarily relied on locally grown crops like wheat, barley, and pulses, so the diversity of food options would be a new experience.
3. Food Preservation Techniques:
   • Surprise: The concept of food preservation through refrigeration and canning would be unfamiliar. The Harappans used natural methods to store food, such as drying and fermenting, so the idea of keeping food fresh for extended periods using technology would be surprising.
4. Sanitation and Hygiene:
   • Surprise: The emphasis on cleanliness and sanitation in modern kitchens, including running water, sinks, and waste disposal systems, would be striking. While the Harappans had advanced drainage systems, the level of hygiene and organization in contemporary kitchens would be a significant advancement.
5. Cultural Practices and Eating Habits:
   • Surprise: The variety of cooking styles, eating habits, and the use of utensils such as forks and knives would be different from the traditional practices of the Harappans, who likely ate with their hands and used simple clay or metal dishes. The concept of dining out or ordering food would also be a novel experience.

Conclusion

These surprises highlight the significant evolution in culinary practices, technology, and cultural norms from the time of the Harappan civilisation to the present day. The encounter would provide a fascinating glimpse into the advancements that have shaped modern Indian society.

Q5. Looking at all the pictures in this chapter, make a list of the ornaments / gestures / objects that still feel familiar in our 21st century.

Ans: Familiar Ornaments, Gestures, and Objects from the Harappan Civilisation

The Harappan Civilisation, known for its advanced urban culture, produced various ornaments, gestures, and objects that resonate with contemporary society. Here is a list of items depicted in the chapter that still feel familiar in the 21st century:

1. Ornaments:
   • Beads: The Harappans crafted intricate beads from materials like carnelian, which are similar to the decorative beads used in modern jewelry.
   • Bangles: The practice of wearing bangles, as seen in Harappan figurines, continues to be a popular tradition in many parts of India today.
   • Bronze Jewelry: The use of bronze for making jewelry and decorative items reflects a continuity in the appreciation for metalwork in contemporary adornments.
2. Gestures:
   • Namaste Gesture: The figurine depicting a person in a ‘namaste’ pose signifies a gesture of greeting that remains a common practice in modern Indian culture.
   • Dancing Postures: The ‘Dancing Girl’ figurine showcases dance poses that echo the traditional dance forms still prevalent in India today.
3. Cooking and Daily Use Objects:
   • Clay Pots: The terracotta pots used by the Harappans for cooking and storage are reminiscent of the clay and ceramic cookware still utilized in many households.
   • Plough: The small clay model of a plough indicates the agricultural tools that have evolved but still serve the same fundamental purpose in farming today.
4. Games and Toys:
   • Games Board: The engraved stone games board reflects the enduring tradition of board games, which are still popular in many cultures, including India.
   • Whistles and Toys: The terracotta whistle and other toys suggest a continuity in the types of playthings enjoyed by children across generations.
5. Cultural Symbols:
   • Seals with Animal Figures: The seals depicting animals and symbols resonate with the continued use of motifs in art and culture, showcasing a connection to heritage.

Conclusion

The artifacts and cultural practices of the Harappan Civilisation reveal a fascinating continuity in human expression and daily life. Many of these elements have persisted through time, illustrating the enduring nature of cultural traditions and the shared human experience.

Q6. What mindset does the system of reservoirs at Dholavira reflect?

Ans: Mindset Reflected by the Reservoir System at Dholavira

The sophisticated system of reservoirs at Dholavira, a prominent city of the Harappan Civilisation, reflects several key mindsets and values of its inhabitants:

1. Innovative Water Management:
   • The construction of large reservoirs demonstrates a forward-thinking approach to water management. The Harappans recognized the importance of water conservation and developed advanced techniques to collect and store rainwater, ensuring a reliable water supply for their community.
2. Community-Centric Planning:
   • The reservoirs were likely designed not just for individual households but for the entire community, indicating a mindset focused on collective well-being. This reflects a sense of social responsibility and cooperation among the inhabitants, as they worked together to create a sustainable living environment.
3. Adaptation to Environmental Challenges:
   • The decision to build reservoirs suggests an awareness of and adaptation to the local climate and geography. The Harappans understood the need to mitigate the effects of seasonal variations in water availability, showcasing their ability to respond to environmental challenges with practical solutions.
4. Long-Term Vision:
   • The scale and complexity of the reservoir system indicate a long-term vision for urban planning and sustainability. The Harappans invested significant resources and labor into these structures, reflecting their commitment to creating a thriving urban center that could support future generations.
5. Civic Responsibility and Governance:
   • The organization required to construct and maintain such a network of reservoirs implies the existence of a structured governance system. This reflects a mindset that values civic responsibility, where leaders and citizens worked together to manage resources effectively for the benefit of all.

Conclusion

Overall, the reservoir system at Dholavira exemplifies a mindset characterized by innovation, community focus, environmental awareness, long-term planning, and civic responsibility. These values contributed to the success and sustainability of the Harappan Civilisation, highlighting their advanced understanding of urban living and resource management.

Q7. In Mohenjo-daro, about 700 wells built with bricks have been counted. They seem to have been regularly maintained and used for several centuries. Discuss the implications.

Ans: Implications of the 700 Brick Wells in Mohenjo-Daro

The discovery of approximately 700 brick wells in Mohenjo-Daro, a major city of the Harappan Civilisation, carries significant implications regarding the social, economic, and technological aspects of this ancient society. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Advanced Water Management:
   • The sheer number of wells indicates a sophisticated understanding of water management. The Harappans developed an extensive infrastructure to ensure a reliable water supply, which was crucial for both domestic use and agriculture. This reflects their ability to engineer solutions to meet the needs of a growing urban population.
2. Sustainability Practices:
   • The regular maintenance of these wells suggests a commitment to sustainability and resource management. The Harappans likely implemented practices to ensure that the wells remained functional over centuries, highlighting their awareness of the importance of preserving water sources for future generations.
3. Social Organization:
   • The maintenance and management of such a large number of wells imply a structured social organization. There must have been a system in place for the upkeep of these wells, indicating the presence of a governing body or community leaders responsible for public works. This suggests a level of civic responsibility and cooperation among the inhabitants.
4. Health and Hygiene:
   • Access to clean water through these wells would have contributed to better health and hygiene standards in Mohenjo-Daro. The presence of individual wells in homes, as well as public wells, indicates an understanding of the importance of sanitation, which is essential for preventing waterborne diseases.
5. Economic Implications:
   • The availability of water would have supported various economic activities, including agriculture, trade, and crafts. A reliable water supply would enable the cultivation of crops and the sustenance of livestock, which were vital for the economy. This, in turn, would facilitate trade with other regions, enhancing the city’s prosperity.
6. Cultural Significance:
   • The wells may also have held cultural or ritual significance. Water often plays an important role in various cultural practices, and the presence of numerous wells could indicate that water was not only a practical resource but also a symbol of life and purity in Harappan society.

Conclusion

The existence of around 700 brick wells in Mohenjo-Daro reflects the Harappans’ advanced engineering skills, commitment to sustainability, organized social structure, and understanding of health and hygiene. These factors contributed to the overall success and longevity of the Harappan Civilisation, showcasing their ability to create a thriving urban environment in harmony with their natural resources.

Q8. It is often said that the Harappans had a high civic sense. Discuss the significance of this statement. Do you agree with it? Compare with citizens in a large city of India today.

Ans: Significance of High Civic Sense in Harappan Society

The assertion that the Harappans exhibited a high civic sense is significant for several reasons, reflecting their advanced societal structure and values. Here are some key points to consider:

1. Community Responsibility:
   • The Harappans demonstrated a strong sense of community responsibility, as evidenced by their sophisticated urban planning, including well-maintained drainage systems, public baths, and reservoirs. This indicates that the citizens collectively prioritized the well-being of their society, ensuring that public resources were managed effectively for communal benefit.
2. Organized Governance:
   • The maintenance of infrastructure, such as the extensive network of wells and drainage systems, implies the existence of a structured governance system. This suggests that the Harappans had leaders or a governing body that facilitated cooperation and coordination among citizens, reflecting a shared commitment to civic duties.
3. Health and Hygiene Awareness:
   • The emphasis on cleanliness and sanitation in Harappan cities, including the presence of individual bathrooms and a comprehensive drainage system, illustrates their awareness of health and hygiene. This civic consciousness contributed to the overall quality of life and public health, showcasing their understanding of the importance of a clean environment.
4. Sustainability Practices:
   • The Harappans’ efforts in water management, such as the construction of reservoirs and wells, reflect a long-term vision for sustainability. Their ability to adapt to environmental challenges and ensure resource availability demonstrates a civic mindset focused on future generations.

Comparison with Citizens in a Large City of India Today

When comparing the civic sense of the Harappans with that of citizens in a large city in India today, several parallels and contrasts emerge:

1. Community Engagement:
   • Similarities: In many urban areas today, community engagement initiatives, such as cleanliness drives and local governance participation, reflect a modern civic sense. Citizens often come together to address issues like waste management and environmental conservation.
   • Differences: However, in some large cities, there can be a lack of collective responsibility, leading to challenges such as littering, inadequate public services, and neglect of communal spaces. This contrasts with the Harappan model, where civic duties appeared to be more uniformly upheld.
2. Infrastructure Maintenance:
   • Similarities: Like the Harappans, many contemporary cities have structured governance systems responsible for maintaining urban infrastructure. Public services, such as water supply and waste management, are essential for urban living.
   • Differences: In many large cities today, infrastructure maintenance can be inconsistent, often leading to issues like water shortages and poor sanitation. This inconsistency may indicate a decline in civic engagement or governance challenges.
3. Health and Hygiene:
   • Similarities: Awareness of health and hygiene remains a priority in modern urban settings, with initiatives aimed at improving sanitation and public health.
   • Differences: Despite this awareness, many urban areas still struggle with pollution and inadequate waste disposal, which can compromise public health, contrasting with the Harappan emphasis on cleanliness.
4. Sustainability Awareness:
   • Similarities: There is a growing movement towards sustainability in many urban areas, with citizens advocating for green practices and environmental conservation.
   • Differences: However, the rapid urbanization and industrialization in modern cities often lead to environmental degradation, highlighting a gap in civic responsibility compared to the sustainable practices of the Harappans.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the high civic sense of the Harappans is significant as it reflects their advanced societal organization, community responsibility, and commitment to public health and sustainability. While there are similarities in civic engagement between Harappan society and modern urban India, challenges remain in maintaining a collective sense of responsibility and effective governance. The Harappans set a precedent for civic consciousness that contemporary societies can learn from, emphasizing the importance of community involvement in creating a sustainable and healthy urban environment.