Q1 . Multiple choice questions:
(i) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?
(a) Joint forest management
(b) Beej Bachao Andolan
(c) Chipko Movement
(d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries
Ans: The option that does not directly involve community participation is (d) Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries. This process is typically carried out by government authorities to establish protected areas for wildlife, often without direct input or involvement from local communities.
Q2. Match the following.
| Reserved forests | Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. |
| Protected forests | Forests are regarded as most valuable as far as the conservation of forest and wildlife resources. |
| Unclassed forests | Forest lands are protected from any further depletion. |
Ans:
| Category | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reserved Forests | Forests regarded as most valuable for conservation of forest and wildlife resources. |
| Protected Forests | Forest lands that are protected from any further depletion. |
| Unclassed Forests | Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities. |
Q3 . Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) What is biodiversity? Why is biodiversity important for human lives?
Ans: Biodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to the vast array of living organisms, including wildlife and cultivated species, that exist in various forms and functions. It is characterized by the complex interdependencies among these organisms within ecosystems.
Biodiversity is crucial for human lives for several reasons:
- Ecosystem Services: Biodiversity contributes to the quality of air, water, and soil, which are essential for human survival. For instance, plants and micro-organisms play a vital role in purifying the air we breathe and the water we drink.
- Food Security: A diverse range of flora and fauna supports agricultural productivity. Traditional crop varieties, which are part of biodiversity, are essential for sustainable farming and food security.
- Genetic Diversity: It preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals, which is important for the resilience and adaptability of species, ensuring better growth and breeding.
In summary, biodiversity is integral to maintaining ecological balance and supporting life on Earth, including human existence.
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.
Ans: Human activities have significantly impacted the depletion of flora and fauna in various ways. Here are some key factors:
- Deforestation: The clearing of forests for agriculture, urban development, and logging has led to habitat loss for many species. This not only reduces biodiversity but also disrupts ecosystems.
- Pollution: Industrial waste, pesticides, and plastic waste contaminate soil, water, and air, adversely affecting both plant and animal life. For instance, aquatic life suffers from water pollution, leading to a decline in fish populations.
- Climate Change: Human-induced climate change alters habitats and weather patterns, making it difficult for many species to survive. For example, rising temperatures can lead to the extinction of species that cannot adapt quickly enough.
- Overexploitation: Overfishing, hunting, and poaching have drastically reduced populations of various species. For example, the illegal wildlife trade has led to the near extinction of several animals, including tigers and rhinoceroses.
- Invasive Species: The introduction of non-native species, often through global trade, can disrupt local ecosystems. These invasive species may outcompete native species for resources, leading to their decline.
- Urbanization: The expansion of cities encroaches on natural habitats, leading to fragmentation of ecosystems. This can isolate species populations, making it harder for them to breed and survive.
Human activities have led to significant environmental changes that threaten biodiversity. To mitigate these effects, it is crucial to adopt sustainable practices, such as reforestation, pollution control, and wildlife protection laws. Community involvement in conservation efforts can also play a vital role in preserving flora and fauna.
Q4. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India?
Ans: Communities in India have played a crucial role in the conservation and protection of forests and wildlife through various traditional practices and modern initiatives. One notable example is the Chipko Movement, where villagers embraced trees to prevent deforestation, showcasing their commitment to preserving their environment. Additionally, the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program encourages local communities to participate in the management of forest resources, allowing them to benefit from non-timber forest products while ensuring the protection of these areas.
In regions like Alwar, Rajasthan, local villagers have declared their own forest areas as protected zones, establishing rules against hunting and encroachments. Sacred groves, revered by tribal communities, serve as untouched patches of forest, preserving biodiversity. These collective efforts highlight the importance of community involvement in sustainable environmental practices, ensuring the protection of India’s rich natural heritage.
(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife.
Ans: Good practices towards conserving forest and wildlife are essential for maintaining ecological balance and ensuring the sustainability of natural resources. One effective practice is the establishment of protected areas such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, which safeguard habitats and provide refuge for endangered species. Community involvement in conservation efforts, such as the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program, empowers local populations to participate in the protection and sustainable use of forest resources.
Additionally, promoting awareness and education about the importance of biodiversity can encourage responsible behaviors among individuals and communities. Practices like afforestation, reforestation, and the protection of sacred groves also play a significant role in conserving biodiversity. Sustainable agricultural practices, such as organic farming and crop rotation, help maintain soil health and reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers, further supporting wildlife habitats.
In summary, a combination of legal protection, community engagement, education, and sustainable practices can significantly contribute to the conservation of forests and wildlife.
Extra Questions and Answers
Question: What is the significance of forests in the ecological system?
Answer: Forests play a key role in the ecological system as they are primary producers on which all other living beings depend. They help in recreating the quality of air, water, and soil, which are essential for human survival.
Question: What are the three categories of forests mentioned in the context?
Answer: The three categories of forests are:
Reserved Forests: More than half of the total forest land, regarded as the most valuable for conservation.
Protected Forests: Almost one-third of the total forest area, protected from further depletion.
Unclassed Forests: Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.
Question: What was the purpose of launching “Project Tiger” in 1973?
Answer: “Project Tiger” was launched to conserve the dwindling tiger population, which had decreased significantly due to poaching, habitat loss, and depletion of prey species. The project aimed to protect endangered species and their habitats.
Question: How do local communities contribute to the conservation of forests and wildlife in India?
Answer: Local communities have been actively involved in conservation efforts, such as fighting against mining in protected areas and declaring their own rules for wildlife protection. For example, villagers in Alwar district have declared 1,200 hectares of forest as a protected area, rejecting outside encroachments.
Question: What are sacred groves, and why are they important for biodiversity?
Answer: Sacred groves are patches of forest that local communities have preserved due to their spiritual significance. These areas are left untouched and are crucial for protecting diverse and rare species, as they are often free from human interference.
Question: What is biodiversity, and why is it important for human life?
Answer: Biodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to the variety of life forms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, in a particular habitat. It is crucial for human life as it supports ecosystems that provide essential services such as clean air, water, and food production.
Question: What are the main threats to the tiger population in India?
Answer: The main threats to the tiger population include poaching for trade, shrinking habitats, depletion of prey species, and the growing human population. These factors have significantly reduced the tiger population from an estimated 55,000 at the turn of the century to 1,827 by the 1970s.